蚯蚓对有机肥(牛粪)中铬镉铅金属富集作用的研究

蚯蚓被称为"生态系统的工程师",对大部分杀虫剂和重金属都具有富积作用。本试验采用外源添加重金属的方法,研究了蚯蚓对牛粪中Cd2+、Cr3+、Pb2+三种重金属离子的生物富集作用。结果表明,蚯蚓对重金属复合污染的牛粪中的Cd2+、Cr3+、Pb2+三种金属离子均有生物富集作用,蚓体在10~20d时会出现第一个金属含量高峰,随后体内金属含量有大幅的减少。在蚯蚓粪中金属含量在10~20d时会出现第一个金属含量低谷,随后蚯蚓粪内金属含量有显著提高。研究结果对于牛粪等有机废弃物的无害化处理具有重要意义。     

蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物 木薯渣的适宜条件初探

采用室内模拟培养的方法,利用蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物木薯渣,研究处理过程中蚯蚓生长繁殖 状况及处理前后混合废弃物的理化性质,探讨蚯蚓处理热带农业废弃物的适宜条件。结果表明,热带农业废弃物木 薯渣和砖红壤的不同配比基质中赤子爱胜蚓的生长繁殖良好,各试验组蚯蚓的生长繁殖与基质性质及环境条件之 间存在明显关系,其在30%砖红壤+70%木薯渣的处理中繁殖情况最好,产茧数量最多。蚯蚓在温度25益、含水率 70%、pH 7.9、接种密度10 条/60g 干重基质时具有最好的生长繁殖效率,同时赤子爱胜蚓对此类热带农业废弃物也 具有较好的处理效果,不同配比基质经蚯蚓处理后速效氮和速效磷含量明显增加。     

多菌灵对蚯蚓体内3种解毒酶活性的影响

为明确多菌灵质量浓度与蚯蚓体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）和羧酸酯酶（CarE）3种解毒酶活性之间的剂量效应关系,为多菌灵的安全使用及对相关动物的毒害研究提供参考,利用赤峰周边地区蔬菜大棚的蚯蚓,进行多菌灵0．75 g／L、1．00 g／L、1．25 g／L、1．50 g／L、1．75 g／L 和2．00 g／L 6个质量浓度对蚯蚓体内3种解毒酶活性的影响试验。结果表明：与对照组（蒸馏水）相比,多菌灵对蚯蚓体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶整体起抑制作用,在多菌灵浓度为1．75 g／L 时酶活性最低,为105．625μmol／L;对谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶整体起诱导促进作用,在多菌灵浓度为1．00 g／L 时酶活性最高,为17．343μmol／L;对羧酸酯酶活性,在多菌灵浓度小于1．25 g／L 时表现为诱导促进作用,大于1．25 g／L 时表现为抑制作用。     

蚯蚓蛋白酶解工艺及其产物分析

采用Asl.398枯草蛋白酶制备蚯蚓肽,通过单因素与正交试验设计(L9(34)),以氨基氮数,多肽浓度为衡量指标,对最佳酶条件进行筛选研究,并分析了酶解液氨基酸含量和相对分子量的分布。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为pH 6.5、酶浓度为1%、温度50℃反应、时间8 h,在此条件下,酶解蚯蚓蛋白的水解液氨基氮数可以达到16.55 mmol/100 mL,水解液多肽浓度达9.22 mg/mL,酶解液分子量大部分是在5 000以下的多肽、小肽及氨基酸的混合物,其中分子量在220以下的占了72.09%,氨基酸组成平衡,含量丰富,可用来制取新型氨基酸微量元素及小肽添加剂。     

兽药添加剂喹乙醇的生态毒理学效应研究

采用水生生物斑马鱼(Daniorerio)、鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)和土壤生物赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)作为生物材料,通过斑马鱼急性毒性试验、斑马鱼胚胎发育试验、鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验、蚯蚓急性毒性试验、蚯蚓生化毒性试验以及蚯蚓体腔细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验,对兽药添加剂喹乙醇分别从生物个体、细胞和分子水平进行了生态毒理学效应研究。急性毒性试验结果表明,喹乙醇实验浓度范围内对斑马鱼和蚯蚓的急性毒性均不大。胚胎发育试验结果表明,喹乙醇对斑马鱼胚胎的72hEC50为221.20mg·L-1,具有明显致畸效应。蚯蚓生化毒性试验表明,喹乙醇能促进蚯蚓体内SOD酶活性,并呈现一定剂量-效应关系,但对纤维素酶影响不明显,单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,喹乙醇具有一定遗传毒性,能引起鲤鱼肾脏细胞和蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤,与空白对照相比有显著差异,并呈现出一定剂量-效应关系。     

蚯蚓脂肪及其在抗菌物理屏障中的作用

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafetida)为实验动物,采用室内培养方法,研究了细菌浸浴诱导对蚯蚓体内脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:(1)索氏抽提法不能从蚯蚓体腔液中获得脂肪,但是可从蚯蚓的组织中获得脂肪。(2)细菌诱导后,蚯蚓体内的脂肪含量增加0.81%(干物质基础),总脂中的脂肪酸含量均有所增加,其中硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸增加的幅度较大,分别增加了2.62%,1.58%和1.62%。(3)蚯蚓脂肪的抑菌作用具有选择性,对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用最强,抑菌圈直径为1.32cm;其次为绿脓杆菌,抑菌圈直径为0.97cm,但是对金黄色葡萄球菌没有抑菌作用;大肠杆菌诱导后,蚯蚓脂肪对绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用增强,但是对大肠杆菌的抑制作用减弱。(4)蚯蚓脂肪对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.05、0.1g·mL-1;对金黄色葡萄球菌没有抑菌作用。但在细菌诱导后,蚯蚓脂肪对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.05、0.1、0.1g·mL-1;(5)蚯蚓的抗菌物理屏障主要是体壁和消化道,而具有抑菌作用的蚯蚓脂肪也主要分布在这些组织中,因此蚯蚓的脂肪代谢在蚯蚓的生态免疫过程中发挥着重要作用。     

蚯蚓对改良土壤和改善农业生态环境的作用

蚯蚓对土壤的耕耘比犁耕更有效,加强土壤通气;提供有益细菌,将土壤中的氨转化成为便于农作物吸收利用的形态;有助于将土壤中各种复合分子分解成为植物根系能够利用的成分。蚯蚓及时将地面残留的落叶枯草裂解转化为对土壤和植物的营养物质,可处理动物粪便以及城市垃圾,对有机农业和生态农业都有重要意义。     

新疆细毛羊肾动脉分支探讨

本研究以过氯乙烯血管铸型法和大体解剖法研究肾动脉在肾内的分支。新疆细毛羊肾属表面平滑的单乳头肾,在肾的正中额面上髓质合成一肾总乳头,但在两侧额面上肾锥体是分开的,每侧的肾锥体一般为7个。肾动脉由肾门入肾,经过2～4级分支,到相邻锥体之间为叶间动脉,每侧一般有叶间动脉8条。分其支类型有背腹型、前后型、三支型等。     

Soil fertility in three cropping systems after conversion from conventional to organic farming

Abstract

Temporal changes in the scores of selected soil fertility indices were studied over six years in three different cases of organic crop rotation located in southern, eastern and central Norway. The cropping history and the initial scores of fertility indices prior to conversion to organic cropping differed between the sites. Crop yields, regarded as an overall, integrating fertility indicator, were in all rotations highly variable with few consistent temporal trends following the first year after conversion. On the site in eastern Norway, where conversion followed several years of all-arable crop rotations, earthworm number and biomass and soil physical properties improved, whereas the system was apparently degrading with regard to P and K trade balances and contents in soil. On the other two sites, the picture was less clear. On the southern site, which had a relatively fertile soil before conversion, the contents of soil organic matter and K decreased during the six-year period, but the scores of other fertility indices showed no trends. On the site in central Norway, there were positive trends for earthworm-related indices such as worm biomass and tubular biopores, and negative trends for soil porosity. The results, especially those from the eastern site, illustrate the general difficulty in drawing conclusions about overall fertility or sustainability when partial indicators show divergent trends. Consequently, the study gave no unambiguous support to the initial working hypothesis that organic farming increases inherent overall soil fertility, but rather showed that the effect varied among indicators and depended on status of the cases at conversion. It is concluded that indicators are probably better used as tools to learn about and improve system components than as absolute measures of sustainability.     

Removal of benzo (a) pyrene from soil using an endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus ()

The endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) was the most abundant species (75%) in soil contaminated with hydrocarbons, mostly benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), in the state of Tabasco (Mexico). The earthworm P. corethrurus was tested for its capacity to remove 100 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from an Anthrosol soil (sterilized or not) and amended with legume Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (3%) or the grass Brachiaria humidicola (L.) DC (3%) (recently renamed as Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga) in an aerobic incubation experiment. P. corethrurus removed 26.6 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from the sterilized soil and application of B. humidicola as feed increased this to 35.7 mg BaP kg⁻¹ and M. pruriens to 34.2 mg BaP kg⁻¹ after 112 days. The autochthonous microorganisms removed 9.1 mg BaP kg⁻¹ from the unsterilized soil and application of B. humidicola increased this to 18.0 mg BaP kg⁻¹ and M. pruriens to 11.2 mg BaP kg⁻¹. Adding P. corethrurus to the unsterilized soil accelerated the removal of BaP and 36.1 mg kg⁻¹ was dissipated from soil. It was found that the autochthonous microorganisms removed BaP from soil, but addition of P. corethrurus increased the dissipation 4-fold. The endogeic earthworm P. corethrurus can thus be used to remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in tropical regions.